returns-analysis
替 PE 交易建立 IRR/MOIC 敏感度表和情境分析
中文翻譯
--- name: returns-analysis description: 為 PE 交易評估建立快速的 IRR/MOIC 敏感度表。針對進場倍數、槓桿、出場倍數、成長率和持有期間等情境建模報酬。適用於評估一筆交易的規模、對假設做壓力測試,或準備投資委員會(IC)的報酬附件。觸發詞:"returns analysis"、"IRR sensitivity"、"MOIC table"、"what's the return at"、"model the returns"、"back of the envelope"。 --- # 報酬分析 ## 工作流程 ### 步驟 1:蒐集交易輸入 向使用者詢問(或從先前的分析中取得): **進場:** - 進場 EBITDA(LTM 或 NTM) - 進場倍數(EV / EBITDA) - 企業價值 - 交割時的淨負債 - 股權投入金額 - 交易費用與支出 **融資:** - 優先債(x EBITDA、利率、攤還) - 次順位債/夾層債(如有) - 進場時的總槓桿(x EBITDA) - 股權出資 **營運假設:** - 營收成長率(年) - EBITDA 利潤率走勢 - 資本支出佔營收的 % - 營運資金變動 - 債務償還時程 **出場:** - 持有期間(年) - 出場倍數(EV / EBITDA) - 出場 EBITDA(由成長假設算出) ### 步驟 2:基準情境報酬 計算: | 指標 | 數值 | |--------|-------| | 進場 EV | | | 投入股權 | | | 出場 EBITDA | | | 出場 EV | | | 出場時淨負債 | | | 出場股權價值 | | | **MOIC** | | | **IRR** | | | 現金回報倍數(Cash-on-cash) | | 呈現報酬的拆解(waterfall): - EBITDA 成長的貢獻 - 倍數擴張/收縮的貢獻 - 債務償還的貢獻 - 費用/支出的拖累 ### 步驟 3:敏感度表 建立雙向敏感度矩陣: **進場倍數 vs. 出場倍數** | | 出場 6x | 出場 7x | 出場 8x | 出場 9x | 出場 10x | |---|---------|---------|---------|---------|----------| | 進場 7x | | | | | | | 進場 8x | | | | | | | 進場 9x | | | | | | | 進場 10x | | | | | | **EBITDA 成長 vs. 出場倍數**(固定進場條件) **槓桿 vs. 出場倍數**(固定進場條件和成長率) **持有期間 vs. 出場倍數** 每個儲存格同時顯示 IRR 和 MOIC(IRR / MOIC 格式)。 ### 步驟 4:情境分析 建立 3 個情境: | | 樂觀 | 基準 | 悲觀 | |---|------|------|------| | 營收 CAGR | | | | | 出場 EBITDA 利潤率 | | | | | 出場倍數 | | | | | 出場 EBITDA | | | | | MOIC | | | | | IRR | | | | ### 步驟 5:輸出 - Excel 活頁簿,包含: - 假設工作表 - 報酬計算 - 敏感度表(用條件式色彩格式化) - 情境摘要 - 適合放進 IC 簡報的一頁式報酬摘要 ## 關鍵公式 - **MOIC** = 出場股權價值 / 投入股權 - **IRR** = 解 r:投入股權 × (1 + r)^n = 出場股權價值(有期間現金流時要調整) - **報酬歸因**: - 成長:(出場 EBITDA - 進場 EBITDA) × 出場倍數 / 股權 - 倍數:(出場倍數 - 進場倍數) × 進場 EBITDA / 股權 - 槓桿:持有期間的債務償還 / 股權 ## 重要注意事項 - 適用的話,報酬一律同時呈現扣費前(gross)和扣除費用/carry 後(net) - 管理層再投資(rollover)和共同投資會改變股權投入金額,相關的話要問 - 股利再融資(dividend recap)或期間分配會大幅影響 IRR,有計畫的話要納入 - 別忘了交易成本(通常是 EV 的 2-4%),它們會降低第一天的股權價值 - 稅務考量(資產交易 vs. 股權交易、338(h)(10) 選擇)可能實質影響稅後報酬
英文原文
--- name: returns-analysis description: Build quick IRR/MOIC sensitivity tables for PE deal evaluation. Models returns across entry multiple, leverage, exit multiple, growth, and hold period scenarios. Use when sizing up a deal, stress-testing assumptions, or preparing IC returns exhibits. Triggers on "returns analysis", "IRR sensitivity", "MOIC table", "what's the return at", "model the returns", or "back of the envelope". --- # Returns Analysis ## Workflow ### Step 1: Gather Deal Inputs Ask for (or extract from prior analysis): **Entry:** - Entry EBITDA (LTM or NTM) - Entry multiple (EV / EBITDA) - Enterprise value - Net debt at close - Equity check size - Transaction fees & expenses **Financing:** - Senior debt (x EBITDA, rate, amortization) - Subordinated debt / mezzanine (if any) - Total leverage at entry (x EBITDA) - Equity contribution **Operating Assumptions:** - Revenue growth rate (annual) - EBITDA margin trajectory - Capex as % of revenue - Working capital changes - Debt paydown schedule **Exit:** - Hold period (years) - Exit multiple (EV / EBITDA) - Exit EBITDA (calculated from growth assumptions) ### Step 2: Base Case Returns Calculate: | Metric | Value | |--------|-------| | Entry EV | | | Equity invested | | | Exit EBITDA | | | Exit EV | | | Net debt at exit | | | Exit equity value | | | **MOIC** | | | **IRR** | | | Cash-on-cash | | Show the returns waterfall: - EBITDA growth contribution - Multiple expansion/contraction contribution - Debt paydown contribution - Fee/expense drag ### Step 3: Sensitivity Tables Build 2-way sensitivity matrices: **Entry Multiple vs. Exit Multiple** | | Exit 6x | Exit 7x | Exit 8x | Exit 9x | Exit 10x | |---|---------|---------|---------|---------|----------| | Entry 7x | | | | | | | Entry 8x | | | | | | | Entry 9x | | | | | | | Entry 10x | | | | | | **EBITDA Growth vs. Exit Multiple** (at fixed entry) **Leverage vs. Exit Multiple** (at fixed entry and growth) **Hold Period vs. Exit Multiple** Show both IRR and MOIC in each cell (IRR / MOIC format). ### Step 4: Scenario Analysis Build 3 scenarios: | | Bull | Base | Bear | |---|------|------|------| | Revenue CAGR | | | | | Exit EBITDA margin | | | | | Exit multiple | | | | | Exit EBITDA | | | | | MOIC | | | | | IRR | | | | ### Step 5: Output - Excel workbook with: - Assumptions tab - Returns calculation - Sensitivity tables (formatted with conditional coloring) - Scenario summary - One-page returns summary suitable for IC deck ## Key Formulas - **MOIC** = Exit Equity Value / Equity Invested - **IRR** = solve for r: Equity Invested × (1 + r)^n = Exit Equity Value (adjust for interim cash flows) - **Returns attribution**: - Growth: (Exit EBITDA - Entry EBITDA) × Exit Multiple / Equity - Multiple: (Exit Multiple - Entry Multiple) × Entry EBITDA / Equity - Leverage: Debt paydown over hold period / Equity ## Important Notes - Always show returns both gross and net of fees/carry where applicable - Management rollover and co-invest change the equity check — ask if relevant - Dividend recaps or interim distributions affect IRR significantly — include if planned - Don't forget transaction costs (typically 2-4% of EV) — they reduce Day 1 equity value - Tax considerations (asset vs. stock deal, 338(h)(10) election) can materially affect after-tax returns