grad-grounded-theory
用紮根理論從質性資料經三階段編碼歸納出新理論
中文翻譯
--- name: "grad-grounded-theory" description: "用紮根理論（Glaser 和 Strauss），透過開放、主軸與選擇性編碼，從質性資料歸納建構理論。當使用者需要從資料發展新理論，而不是檢驗既有假設、進行理論取樣與持續比較、判斷何時達到理論飽和，或問到「什麼理論能解釋這個現象」「怎麼有系統地編碼質性資料」「什麼時候該停止蒐集資料」時，就用這個 skill。" metadata: category: "WP-32 質性方法" tags: ["grounded-theory", "Glaser", "Strauss", "open-coding", "axial-coding", "selective-coding", "theoretical-sampling", "constant-comparison", "theoretical-saturation"] --- # Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss) ## Overview 紮根理論是一套有系統的方法，用來建構紮根於質性資料的理論。透過資料蒐集、編碼和比較的反覆循環，研究者發展出概念和類別，最終形成一套解釋性的理論。這個方法最初由 Glaser 和 Strauss（1967）提出，後來分成 Glaser 學派（湧現式）和 Strauss 學派（結構式）兩個變體。 ## When to Use - 既有理論不足或不存在時，建構新理論 - 在研究不足的領域探索過程、互動或經驗 - 產生和特定脈絡綁在一起的實質理論 - 研究問題問的是「這裡到底發生了什麼？」，而不是檢驗假設 ## When NOT to Use - 檢驗或驗證既有理論（用演繹方法） - 研究問題需要測量頻率或大小 - 研究者無法投入反覆的資料蒐集（理論取樣需要彈性） ## Assumptions ``` IRON LAW: In grounded theory, theory EMERGES from data — imposing a pre-existing framework violates the methodology's core principle. If you begin with a hypothesis and seek confirmation, you are NOT doing grounded theory. ``` 關鍵假設： 1. 理論必須紮根於有系統的資料蒐集與分析 2. 資料蒐集和分析同時進行，並且反覆迭代 3. 理論取樣根據浮現的類別，引導下一步去哪裡蒐集資料 4. 決定何時停止蒐集資料的是理論飽和，不是樣本數 ## Methodology ### Step 1: Open Coding 把資料拆成一個個獨立的事件、事故或想法。為每個片段指定初始的編碼（標籤）。盡可能用 in-vivo 編碼（參與者自己的話）。資料有多少值得編的，就產生多少編碼，不要太早過濾。 ### Step 2: Axial Coding 把開放編碼歸成更高階的類別。用編碼典範（條件、行動/互動、後果）找出類別之間的關係。建立子類別，具體說明某個類別在何時、何地、為何以及如何出現。 ### Step 3: Selective Coding 找出核心類別，也就是所有其他類別都整合在它周圍的中心現象。有系統地把所有類別和核心類別連起來。寫出一條敘述這套理論的故事線。 ### Step 4: Theoretical Integration 透過持續比較來精煉理論。對照資料驗證。產出一套有明確定義的概念、命題和邊界條件的實質理論。報告編碼決策的稽核軌跡。 ## Output Format ```markdown ## Grounded Theory Analysis: [Context] ### Core Category - Central phenomenon: [the core category label] - Definition: [what it means in this context] ### Category Structure | Category | Properties | Dimensions | Relationship to Core | |----------|-----------|------------|---------------------| | [name] | [key properties] | [range/variation] | [how it relates] | ### Coding Paradigm - **Causal conditions**: [what leads to the phenomenon] - **Context**: [specific conditions shaping action] - **Intervening conditions**: [broader structural conditions] - **Action/Interaction strategies**: [how actors respond] - **Consequences**: [outcomes of action/interaction] ### Theoretical Propositions 1. [Proposition linking categories] 2. [Proposition linking categories] ### Saturation Evidence - Categories saturated: [list] - Data sources: [count and type] - Point of saturation: [when no new properties emerged] ``` ## Gotchas - 不要一開始就做會讓編碼產生偏見的文獻回顧，Glaser 堅持要等理論浮現後才做文獻回顧 - 持續比較是指事件對事件的比較，不只是類別對類別 - 理論取樣和立意取樣不一樣，它由浮現的理論驅動，不是預先設定的標準 - Glaser 學派和 Strauss 學派的差異很大，要說明你遵循哪一種 - 理論飽和是指類別不再浮現新的屬性，不只是不再有新的編碼 - 全程寫備忘錄（memo）是必要的，不是可選的，備忘錄記錄的是分析的邏輯 ## References - Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). *The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research*. Aldine. - Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). *Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques*. Sage. - Charmaz, K. (2006). *Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis*. Sage.
英文原文
--- name: "grad-grounded-theory" description: "Apply Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss) to build theory inductively from qualitative data through open, axial, and selective coding. Use this skill when the user needs to develop new theory from data rather than test existing hypotheses, conduct theoretical sampling and constant comparison, determine when theoretical saturation is reached, or when they ask 'what theory explains this phenomenon', 'how do I code qualitative data systematically', or 'when do I stop collecting data'." metadata: category: "WP-32 質性方法" tags: ["grounded-theory", "Glaser", "Strauss", "open-coding", "axial-coding", "selective-coding", "theoretical-sampling", "constant-comparison", "theoretical-saturation"] --- # Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss) ## Overview Grounded Theory is a systematic methodology for constructing theory that is grounded in qualitative data. Through iterative cycles of data collection, coding, and comparison, the researcher develops concepts and categories that ultimately form an explanatory theory. The method was originally developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) and later diverged into Glaserian (emergent) and Straussian (structured) variants. ## When to Use - Building new theory when existing theories are inadequate or absent - Exploring processes, interactions, or experiences in under-studied domains - Generating substantive theory tied to a specific context - When the research question asks "what is going on here?" rather than testing a hypothesis ## When NOT to Use - When testing or verifying an existing theory (use deductive methods) - When the research question requires measurement of frequency or magnitude - When the researcher cannot commit to iterative data collection (theoretical sampling requires flexibility) ## Assumptions ``` IRON LAW: In grounded theory, theory EMERGES from data — imposing a pre-existing framework violates the methodology's core principle. If you begin with a hypothesis and seek confirmation, you are NOT doing grounded theory. ``` Key assumptions: 1. Theory must be grounded in systematic data collection and analysis 2. Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously and iteratively 3. Theoretical sampling guides where to collect data next based on emerging categories 4. Theoretical saturation — not sample size — determines when to stop collecting data ## Methodology ### Step 1: Open Coding Break data into discrete incidents, events, or ideas. Assign initial codes (labels) to each segment. Use in-vivo codes (participants' own words) where possible. Generate as many codes as the data warrant — do not filter prematurely. ### Step 2: Axial Coding Group open codes into higher-order categories. Identify relationships between categories using the coding paradigm: conditions, actions/interactions, and consequences. Build subcategories that specify when, where, why, and how a category manifests. ### Step 3: Selective Coding Identify the core category — the central phenomenon around which all other categories integrate. Systematically relate all categories to the core category. Write a storyline that narrates the theory. ### Step 4: Theoretical Integration Refine the theory through constant comparison. Validate against the data. Produce a substantive theory with defined concepts, propositions, and boundary conditions. Report the audit trail of coding decisions. ## Output Format ```markdown ## Grounded Theory Analysis: [Context] ### Core Category - Central phenomenon: [the core category label] - Definition: [what it means in this context] ### Category Structure | Category | Properties | Dimensions | Relationship to Core | |----------|-----------|------------|---------------------| | [name] | [key properties] | [range/variation] | [how it relates] | ### Coding Paradigm - **Causal conditions**: [what leads to the phenomenon] - **Context**: [specific conditions shaping action] - **Intervening conditions**: [broader structural conditions] - **Action/Interaction strategies**: [how actors respond] - **Consequences**: [outcomes of action/interaction] ### Theoretical Propositions 1. [Proposition linking categories] 2. [Proposition linking categories] ### Saturation Evidence - Categories saturated: [list] - Data sources: [count and type] - Point of saturation: [when no new properties emerged] ``` ## Gotchas - Do NOT begin with a literature review that biases your coding — Glaser insists on delaying the lit review until the theory emerges - Constant comparison means comparing incident-to-incident, not just category-to-category - Theoretical sampling is NOT the same as purposive sampling — it is driven by emerging theory, not pre-set criteria - The Glaserian and Straussian variants differ significantly; state which approach you follow - Theoretical saturation means no new PROPERTIES of a category emerge — not just no new codes - Memo-writing throughout the process is essential, not optional — memos capture the analytical logic ## References - Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). *The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research*. Aldine. - Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). *Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques*. Sage. - Charmaz, K. (2006). *Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis*. Sage.