Skill 寫法圖鑑

law-ip

asgard-ai-platform | 商業與營運 | 原文 | MIT

判斷專利、商標、著作權、營業秘密該怎麼對應保護資產

中文翻譯

---
name: "law-ip"
description: "分析專利、商標、著作權與營業秘密等智慧財產權。當使用者需要理解智慧財產權的保護選項、評估自己的成果是否可受保護、評估侵權風險,或設計智財策略時使用,即使他們說的是「這個可以申請專利嗎」「有人抄襲我們的設計」「我們怎麼保護品牌名稱」或「我們有哪些智財」也適用。"
metadata:
  category: "WP-20 法學院"
  tags: ["law", "intellectual-property", "patents", "trademarks"]
---

# 智慧財產權分析

## 概述

智慧財產權法透過四種主要機制保護智力創作:專利(發明)、商標(品牌識別)、著作權(創作作品)與營業秘密(機密的商業資訊)。每一種的要求、範圍、期間與成本都不同。

## 框架

```
鐵律:保護的方式要配合資產的類型

品牌名稱受「商標」保護,不是著作權。
軟體原始碼受「著作權」保護,不是專利(通常)。
製造流程受「專利」或「營業秘密」保護。
用錯機制,資產就等於沒有受到保護。
```

### 四種智財類型

| 類型 | 保護什麼 | 要件 | 期間 | 登記 |
|------|---------|-------------|----------|-------------|
| **專利** | 新穎、非顯而易見、有用的發明 | 必須新穎、有進步性、可供產業利用 | 自申請日起 20 年 | 必須(申請制) |
| **商標** | 能辨識來源的品牌名稱、標誌、標語 | 必須具有識別性(不是通用/描述性的) | 10 年,可無限期續展 | 完整保護需要登記 |
| **著作權** | 原創的創作作品(文字、程式碼、藝術、音樂) | 必須是原創的表達(不是想法或事實) | 終身加 50 年(台灣) | 自動取得(不需要登記) |
| **營業秘密** | 具有經濟價值的機密商業資訊 | 必須是祕密、因祕密而有價值、有採取合理的保密措施 | 無限期(只要祕密還保得住) | 不需要登記,透過保密協議與存取控制來保護 |

### 智財稽核步驟

1. **盤點**:組織有哪些可能受保護的資產?
2. **分類**:每項資產適合哪種智財類型?
3. **評估現有的保護**:每項資產是否已受保護?怎麼保護的?
4. **找出落差**:哪些沒有受到保護,或保護不足?
5. **排優先順序**:哪些資產最有價值、風險最高?
6. **建議**:對每項資產建議登記、契約保護,或營運上的保密措施

### 關鍵決定:專利 vs 營業秘密

| 因素 | 專利 | 營業秘密 |
|--------|--------|-------------|
| 競爭對手能逆向工程嗎? | 能 → 專利 | 不能 → 營業秘密可能更好 |
| 很可能被獨立發現嗎? | 是 → 專利(擋住他們) | 否 → 營業秘密可能就夠了 |
| 優勢能維持多久? | < 20 年 → 專利 | > 20 年 → 營業秘密 |
| 你能偵測到侵權嗎? | 能 → 專利可以執行 | 不能 → 專利很難執行 |
| 範例 | 藥物化合物 | 可口可樂配方 |

## 輸出格式

```markdown
# 智財分析:{公司/產品}

## 智財資產盤點
| 資產 | 類型 | 目前的保護 | 落差 | 優先順序 |
|-------|------|-------------------|-----|----------|
| {資產} | 專利/商標/著作權/營業秘密 | {狀態} | {缺什麼} | 高/中/低 |

## 建議
1. {資產}:{建議的行動}:{理由}

## 風險評估
| 風險 | 可能性 | 衝擊 | 緩解措施 |
|------|-----------|--------|-----------|
| {智財風險} | 高/中/低 | 高/中/低 | {行動} |
```

## 範例

### 正確的應用
**情境:** 一家台灣 SaaS 新創的智財稽核

| 資產 | 類型 | 保護 | 落差 |
|-------|------|-----------|-----|
| 品牌名稱「CloudPOS」 | 商標 | 未註冊 | 🔴 立刻向智慧財產局註冊 |
| 用於需求預測的 POS 演算法 | 營業秘密或專利 | 無 | 🔴 決定要用專利還是營業秘密,並落實保密協議 |
| 原始碼 | 著作權 | 自動取得 ✓ | 🟡 確保僱傭契約把智財歸屬給公司 |
| 客戶資料的處理方法 | 營業秘密 | 沒有存取控制 | 🔴 實施存取控制,並與員工簽保密協議 |

主要建議:先申請商標(快、便宜、名稱被搶註的風險高)。專利的決定可以等到產品與市場契合之後 ✓

### 不正確的應用
- 「我們要為品牌名稱申請著作權」 → 品牌名稱是受商標保護,不是著作權。著作權保護的是創作性的表達,不是識別符號。違反鐵律:保護的方式要配合資產。

## 常見陷阱

- **想法「不」受保護:** 著作權保護的是表達,不是想法。專利保護的是具體的實作。一個 app 的「點子」不是智財,具體的程式碼、設計或發明才是。
- **員工創作的智財:** 在台灣,員工在僱傭期間創作的智財,通常屬於雇主(著作權法第 11 條、專利法第 7 條),但契約應該把這點寫清楚。
- **開源 ≠ 沒有智財:** 開源軟體擁有著作權,授權條款授予的是許可,不是所有權。違反授權條款就是侵害著作權。
- **專利採先申請主義:** 台灣採先申請主義(不是先發明主義)。如果你延遲申請,先提出申請的競爭對手就能取得專利,即使你更早發明。
- **這是教育性指引,不是法律意見:** 智財策略需要諮詢有執照的專利師或智財專家。

## 參考資料

- 台灣智慧財產局的申請程序,見 `references/tipo-procedures.md`

英文原文

---
name: "law-ip"
description: "Analyze intellectual property rights across patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. Use this skill when the user needs to understand IP protection options, evaluate whether their work is protectable, assess infringement risk, or design an IP strategy — even if they say 'can I patent this', 'someone copied our design', 'how do we protect our brand name', or 'what IP do we have'."
metadata:
  category: "WP-20 法學院"
  tags: ["law", "intellectual-property", "patents", "trademarks"]
---

# Intellectual Property Analysis

## Overview

IP law protects creations of the mind through four main mechanisms: patents (inventions), trademarks (brand identifiers), copyrights (creative works), and trade secrets (confidential business information). Each has different requirements, scope, duration, and costs.

## Framework

```
IRON LAW: Match the Protection to the Asset

A brand name is protected by TRADEMARK, not copyright.
Software source code is protected by COPYRIGHT, not patent (usually).
A manufacturing process is protected by PATENT or TRADE SECRET.
Using the wrong mechanism leaves the asset unprotected.
```

### The Four IP Types

| Type | Protects | Requirements | Duration | Registration |
|------|---------|-------------|----------|-------------|
| **Patent** | Novel, non-obvious, useful inventions | Must be new, inventive, industrially applicable | 20 years from filing | Required (申請制) |
| **Trademark** | Brand names, logos, slogans that identify source | Must be distinctive (not generic/descriptive) | 10 years, renewable indefinitely | Required for full protection |
| **Copyright** | Original creative works (text, code, art, music) | Must be original expression (not ideas or facts) | Life + 50 years (Taiwan) | Automatic (no registration needed) |
| **Trade Secret** | Confidential business information with economic value | Must be secret, have value from secrecy, reasonable efforts to maintain secrecy | Indefinite (as long as secret is kept) | No registration — protect through NDAs and access controls |

### IP Audit Steps

1. **Inventory**: What potentially protectable assets does the organization have?
2. **Classify**: Which IP type fits each asset?
3. **Assess current protection**: Is each asset already protected? How?
4. **Identify gaps**: What's unprotected or under-protected?
5. **Prioritize**: Which assets are most valuable and most at risk?
6. **Recommend**: Registration, contractual protection, or operational security for each asset

### Key Decision: Patent vs Trade Secret

| Factor | Patent | Trade Secret |
|--------|--------|-------------|
| Can competitors reverse-engineer it? | Yes → Patent | No → Trade Secret may be better |
| Is independent discovery likely? | Yes → Patent (blocks them) | No → Trade Secret may suffice |
| How long does the advantage last? | < 20 years → Patent | > 20 years → Trade Secret |
| Can you detect infringement? | Yes → Patent is enforceable | No → Patent is hard to enforce |
| Example | Pharmaceutical compound | Coca-Cola recipe |

## Output Format

```markdown
# IP Analysis: {Company/Product}

## IP Asset Inventory
| Asset | Type | Current Protection | Gap | Priority |
|-------|------|-------------------|-----|----------|
| {asset} | Patent/TM/Copyright/TS | {status} | {what's missing} | H/M/L |

## Recommendations
1. {asset}: {recommended action} — {rationale}

## Risk Assessment
| Risk | Likelihood | Impact | Mitigation |
|------|-----------|--------|-----------|
| {IP risk} | H/M/L | H/M/L | {action} |
```

## Examples

### Correct Application
**Scenario:** IP audit for a Taiwanese SaaS startup

| Asset | Type | Protection | Gap |
|-------|------|-----------|-----|
| Brand name "CloudPOS" | Trademark | Not registered | 🔴 Register with TIPO immediately |
| POS algorithm for demand forecasting | Trade Secret or Patent | None | 🔴 Decide patent vs trade secret, implement NDAs |
| Source code | Copyright | Automatic ✓ | 🟡 Ensure employment contracts assign IP to company |
| Customer data processing method | Trade Secret | No access controls | 🔴 Implement access controls + NDA with employees |

Key recommendation: File trademark first (fast, cheap, high risk of name-squatting). Patent decision can wait until product-market fit ✓

### Incorrect Application
- "We'll copyright our brand name" → Brand names are protected by trademark, not copyright. Copyright protects creative expression, not identifiers. Violates Iron Law: match protection to asset.

## Gotchas

- **Ideas are NOT protectable**: Copyright protects expression, not ideas. Patent protects specific implementations. The "idea" for an app is not IP — the specific code, design, or invention is.
- **Employee-created IP**: In Taiwan, IP created by employees during employment generally belongs to the employer (Copyright Act Art. 11, Patent Act Art. 7), but contracts should make this explicit.
- **Open source ≠ no IP**: Open source software has copyright — the license grants permissions, not ownership. Violating license terms is copyright infringement.
- **First-to-file for patents**: Taiwan uses first-to-file (not first-to-invent). If you delay filing, a competitor who files first gets the patent even if you invented it earlier.
- **This is educational guidance, not legal advice**: IP strategy requires consultation with a licensed patent attorney or IP specialist.

## References

- For Taiwan TIPO (智慧財產局) filing procedures, see `references/tipo-procedures.md`