Skill 寫法圖鑑

med-international

asgard-ai-platform | 寫作與文件 | 原文 | MIT

寫國際新聞,追到一手來源、查翻譯用語並小心衝突術語

中文翻譯

---
name: "med-international"
description: "寫國際新聞時使用,包含外交事務、外交報導、跨境衝突、聯合國/多邊組織動態、發展新聞或地緣政治分析。啟動國際線工作流程:對遠方的宣稱做一手來源查證、翻譯準確度、衝突各方平衡、區域脈絡、來源鏈稽核。觸發語句例如 'write this UN report'、'寫一篇國際新聞'、'international story'、'draft conflict analysis'、'整理聯合國決議'、'foreign affairs coverage'。不要用在:國內政治新聞(用 med-political)、企業新聞稿(用 pr-press-release)、國際財經新聞(用 med-business)。"
metadata:
  category: "WP-50 大眾傳播"
  tags: ["news", "journalism", "international-news", "foreign-affairs", "media-ethics", "conflict-reporting"]
---

# 國際新聞報導

> **這個 skill 是 med-news-reporter 的國際線特化版。** 先讀 med-news-reporter,了解通用的 6 步工作流程(類型選擇、素材盤點、事實查核、平衡、倫理、識讀)。這份檔案是在那之上再加**國際事務專屬的紀律**:對遠方事件的一手來源查證、翻譯準確度、區域脈絡,以及衝突各方稽核。

## 概述

內容提煉自 Columbia 新聞研究所(Global Journalism)、香港浸會大學(國際新聞碩士)、路透新聞研究所,以及戰地報導相關組織(Dart Center、CPJ、Thomson Foundation)的國際新聞教材。涵蓋五種主要的國際新聞子類型:**即時國際新聞/外交報導/衝突報導/聯合國與多邊組織動態/發展與人道新聞**。

```
IRON LAW: Distance Is Not Authority

Claims about distant places — whether from official sources, international
media, or translated reports — need a transparent source chain tracing back
to a primary source (firsthand observation, official statement, or direct quote).
"According to international media" or "per Reuters reporting" does not qualify
as primary source. A Reuters cite of an unnamed US official is still an unnamed
US official, not Reuters' own reporting. Translated quotes must be re-verified
against the original language for politically loaded terms (regime/government,
occupied/disputed, freedom-fighter/militant). Distance through translation
or intermediary reporting compounds the risk; every link in the chain must
be visible to the reader so they can recalibrate the claim's authority.

Default LLM behavior is to accept a well-sourced second-hand report as if it
were primary source. Override that: when you cannot trace the claim back to
a named primary actor (official, eyewitness, document), flag it as indirect.
```

為什麼這件事不直覺:國際新聞常常要經過層層翻譯和轉手才送到你面前(駐外記者 → 通訊社 → 本地媒體)。每一層都可能引入錯誤、流失細微差別,或在不知不覺中改掉框架。讀者看不到這些層,所以寫稿的人必須把它們攤開。「聯合國發言人表示」是一手;「媒體報導指出」不是。

**合理化對照表:以下這些說法都「不能」推翻鐵律:**

| Claude 可能會想… | 為什麼這樣還是違規 |
|---|---|
| 「這是路透報的,所以來源沒問題」 | 路透值得信賴,但如果路透引的是匿名官員,來源就到路透為止;讀者有權知道自己讀到的是匿名消息來源的說法,不是路透自己的報導。要把出處一層一層標清楚。 |
| 「翻譯過來的引述意思一樣,差不多就好」 | 政治語言靠的就是細微的字詞差異。「Chinese government」、「Beijing authorities」、「the regime」暗示的是不同的框架。帶有立場的詞一定要回查原文,尤其是兩岸、俄烏、以巴的脈絡。 |
| 「我寫『多家媒體報導』,表示這是眾所周知的說法」 | 含糊的彙整(「多方報導」)會藏住實際的來源層級,讓讀者把意見共識誤認成事實。就算不點名媒體,也要點出具體的來源層級(官方聲明、通訊社、社群媒體)。 |
| 「那個國家不穩定,不可能做現場報導」 | 這正是你該標出缺口的時候。手上只有 Y 轉述的內容,就不要編成 X 的報導。直接告訴讀者「無法聯繫到境內消息來源,目前依賴流亡/離散社群媒體」,這才是誠實的 metadata。 |
| 「地陪/當地聯絡人說那邊現在就是這樣」 | 地陪不可或缺,但他的政治立場會影響他讓你看到什麼。如果地陪屬於某個族群/教派分裂的其中一邊,要在採用他的報導之前先揭露。標註地陪不等於透明的來源說明。 |
| 「國際法專家都說這是種族滅絕,所以我可以用這個框架」 | 種族滅絕是法律術語(羅馬規約)。沒有法庭做出裁決之前,要用「被控種族滅絕」/「種族滅絕的指控」/「專家主張這些事件符合種族滅絕的要件」,不要把指控升級成判決。 |

---

## 何時使用

**觸發條件:**
- 使用者提供國際事務素材(聯合國新聞稿、外交聲明、外國政府公報、駐外記者報導、跨境事件筆記、人道組織動態),並要求寫成新聞稿。
- 使用者提到「international news」/「foreign affairs coverage」/「diplomatic report」/「UN update」/「conflict analysis」/「international briefing」/「國際新聞」/「整理聯合國決議」/「寫一篇國際分析」。
- 使用者換句話說:「寫成國際新聞」、「整理雙邊外交談判」、「draft a piece on the crisis in X」、「幫我做這份國際組織報告的報導」、「turn this diplomatic statement into a story」。

**輸入訊號:**
- 有具名的國家、國際組織(UN、WHO、IMF、ICRC)、外國官員、跨境事件。
- 有外國政府、大使館、國際機構的官方聲明。
- 有駐外記者、國際通訊社(Reuters、AP、AFP、BBC)、離散/流亡媒體的報導。
- 有從非英語一手來源翻譯過來的素材(外語的政府聲明、當地媒體)。
- 有區域脈絡線索(地緣政治利害、歷史衝突、條約引用、制裁/禁運的提及)。

**何時不要用:**
- 帶有國際面向的國內政治新聞 → 主要用 `med-political`(例如台灣選舉報導、美國國會對外援的表決)。
- 國際財經/市場/投資新聞 → 用 `med-business`。
- 企業以自家口吻發的新聞稿 → 用 `pr-press-release`。
- 聚焦在執行組織的人道/發展專案報導 → 用 `ops-project-report`,或有的話用人道專用的 skill。

---

## 方法

### Step 0:通用流程交給 med-news-reporter

讀過或已載入 `med-news-reporter`,裡面有:素材盤點、事實查核、消息來源強度標記、平衡原則、媒體倫理檢核、媒體識讀自我檢查。**這裡不要重做那些步驟。** 這份檔案特化的是 Step 1–3,並新增國際線專屬的 Step 4–5(來源鏈稽核與區域脈絡對照)。

### Step 1:判斷國際新聞的子類型

| 子類型 | 訊號 | 子範本重點 |
|----------|---------|-------------------|
| **即時國際新聞** | 事件(軍事行動、天然災害、選舉)、記者會、公告、官方來源提供的 5W1H | 官方聲明查證;傷亡數字的來源;地理框架;早期版本要謹慎 |
| **外交報導** | 雙邊會談、多邊峰會、條約簽署、出訪、外交抗議(demarche、正式照會) | 外交禮節要準確;各方官方立場;前提條件與結果要分開;「無可奉告」要透明 |
| **衝突報導** | 軍事行動、停火、人道通行、難民流動、對平民的影響 | 交戰各方平衡;傷亡查證;地陪/境內報導的揭露;消息來源的安全 |
| **聯合國/多邊組織動態** | 聯合國決議、機構報告(WHO、UNHCR、OCHA)、國際談判結果 | 票數/棄權的揭露;決議文本 vs. 政治意圖;標出執行落差 |
| **發展/人道** | 援助行動、災後重建、難民營、衛生危機、發展專案 | 執行機構 vs. 捐助機構要分清楚;受益者 vs. 當局的聲音;供應鏈透明度 |

### Step 2:來源審查與來源鏈標記

除了 med-news-reporter 的來源分層,國際報導還要加上**來源鏈透明度**:

- **一手來源**:官方聲明(政府發言人、簽署的條約、聯合國表決紀錄)、目擊者、具名並可記錄的專家。
- **二手來源**:通訊社報導(Reuters、AP、AFP、BBC),文中引用一手或官方來源。如果通訊社引的是「匿名官員」,這個層級必須讓讀者看得到。
- **三手來源**:一家媒體報導另一家媒體的報導。很危險。不要轉述,直接引用原始來源。
- **翻譯層**:原本是另一種語言的引述。必須回查原文的政治框架,並註明翻譯來源。
- **地陪/當地聯絡人報導**:對現場脈絡不可或缺,但要揭露地陪的背景/所屬立場,讓讀者能自己校正偏見。

**在素材盤點時,每一項宣稱都要標:**
- ✅ **直接官方**:「烏克蘭政府表示…」(可追溯到官方聲明、引述或新聞稿)。
- ⚠️ **翻譯引述**:「總統表示 [引述譯自法文]」,標記要回查法文原文。
- ⚠️ **通訊社報導某來源**:「路透報導,匿名的美國官員表示…」,要讓「匿名」看得見,不要升級成事實。
- ❌ **轉述再轉述**:「中東媒體報導,有些媒體指出…」,不可接受,要切斷這條鏈,直接引用原始來源或不用。

### Step 3:政治敏感度風險檢查

在 med-news-reporter 的倫理檢核之外,再加上國際熱點地圖:

1. **兩岸用語**(台灣/中國的框架):
   - 「中國」(僅指 PRC)vs「中華人民共和國」(正式名稱)vs「大陸」vs「中共」。
   - 「台灣」(中性)vs「中華民國」(政治性)vs「島嶼」(描述性)。
   - 「政府」(中性)vs「當局」(暗示不具正當性)vs「政權」(帶有立場)。
   - 記錄哪個來源用了哪個詞,讓讀者看得到框架的選擇。

2. **衝突術語的紅線**:
   - "Genocide"(種族滅絕):法律術語(羅馬規約)。只有在法庭判決後才能用,不然要標示為「指控」/「據稱」。
   - "War crimes"/"crimes against humanity"(戰爭罪/危害人類罪):同理,除非已經判決,否則當作指控,不當作事實。
   - "Terrorist"(恐怖分子):各國的認定不同(美國、歐盟、聯合國的名單不一樣)。要註明是誰的名單,或用「被 X 列為恐怖組織」或「武裝組織」。
   - "Regime" vs "government":「regime」帶有不具正當性的意味。只保留給獨裁政體,如果用了要標明這是編輯的選擇。
   - "Occupation"(佔領)vs "disputed"(爭議):兩個都有立場。用「由 X 控制的領土」加上歷史,讓讀者自己決定框架。

3. **外交禮節的敏感度**:
   - "Demarche"(正式抗議)vs 非正式申訴:升級會改變意思,要精確。
   - 「正式照會」(官方文件)vs "aide-mémoire"(非正式備忘錄):地位不同。
   - 制裁的層級:"asset freeze"(資產凍結)≠ "embargo"(禁運)≠ "restricted-measures regime"(限制措施制度)。各有精確的法律意義,翻譯時要標明。

4. **特約通訊員/地陪的保護**:
   - 如果地陪人在衝突區,或替少數族群工作,絕對不要點名。一律用「當地聯絡人」/「研究夥伴」這類泛稱。
   - 揭露地陪的背景(例如「來自 X 社群的聯絡人」),讓讀者了解可能的立場。
   - 如果地陪的人身安全有風險,要註明並解釋為什麼匿名是必要的,但只有在其他來源也能佐證時才使用他提供的資訊。

### Step 4:來源鏈稽核(國際線專屬)

**每一項關於外國事件的事實宣稱**,都要往回追這條鏈:

1. **寫出這項宣稱**:「兩萬名難民越過邊界。」
2. **在素材中追溯來源**:這個數字在提供的素材裡是從哪來的?
3. **標出來源層級**:
   - ✅ 一手:「UNHCR 於 [日期] 的邊境聲明」(官方、可查證)。
   - ⚠️ 二手:「路透報導 UNHCR 表示…」(仍是一手的宣稱,但隔了一步)。
   - ❌ 三手:「媒體報導指出…」或「區域媒體報導…」(不可接受,引用原始來源)。
4. **檢查翻譯**:如果原文是另一種語言,查證框架。(例如法文原文寫的是 "réfugiés"[難民]還是 "migrants"[移民]?用字很重要。)
5. **標出距離鏈**:「據國際媒體報導,該地區的一位消息人士表示…」= 三層間接。要標出來,不要升格成硬事實。

在輸出的 footer 裡,把所有評為 ⚠️ 或 ❌ 的宣稱列在「待查證」底下,並附上鏈的長度,讓編輯知道哪些需要查證。

### Step 5:區域脈絡對照(國際線新增)

輸出前,確認這篇稿子把宣稱放在下列脈絡裡:

1. **歷史先例**:「這是自 [年份] 以來第三起這類事件」,要引用前兩起。
2. **地緣政治行為者的立場**:誰從這個事件獲益?讓讀者看得出各方為什麼這樣回應。
3. **條約/義務狀態**:如果宣稱牽涉違約,要點出是哪份協議,以及先前的遵守紀錄。
4. **區域類比**:「類似 [鄰國] 的情況」,要明確引用這個類比,讓讀者看得出這個比較是刻意的。

這不是寫社論,而是提供脈絡,讓讀者理解這項宣稱的重要性。

---

## 輸出格式

用 med-news-reporter 的基本格式,再在結尾的 meta footer 加上這些國際線專屬的項目:

```markdown
[Headline / sub-headline / body paragraphs per med-news-reporter]

---

**稿件類型**: 即時國際新聞 / 外交報導 / 衝突分析 / UN決議整理 / 人道新聞
**字數**: approx. XXX
**消息來源層級**: 一手官方聲明 N / 一手現場 N / 新聞通訊社 N / 二手引述 N / 匿名背景 N
**外交/衝突敏感詞彙檢核**:
- 兩岸用語: ✅ / ⚠️ (列出用語及其來源的定義方式)
- 衝突術語 (戰爭罪/種族滅絕/恐怖分子): ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出升級或降級的用語)
- 佔領 vs 爭議領土: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️
**源流稽核** (Source Chain Audit):
- 距離最遠的宣稱 (farthest claim): [稱述] — 源流: [primary → secondary → ...] — 驗證狀態: [✅一手 / ⚠️二手 / ❌待查]
- 翻譯用語檢驗: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出需原文確認的政治詞彙)
- 記者/線人保護: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出未充分匿名的風險)
**區域脈絡補全**:
- 歷史前例: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出提及但未標源的歷史平行)
- 地緣政治利益方: ✅ / ⚠️ (列出受事件影響的各方)
- 條約/義務基礎: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️
**待查證事項**: ...
**倫理 / 識讀檢核摘要**: 〔交給 med-news-reporter 的 Step 4-5 footer〕
```

---

## 範例

### 好的範例

**情境:** 使用者提供 (a) 聯合國 OCHA 官方情勢報告,內容是 A 區的跨境難民流動,附有日期和 UNHCR 的數字:47,500 人境內流離失所、12,000 人越過邊界;(b) 一篇路透報導,引用 UNHCR 並點名現場協調員;(c) A 區政府的翻譯聲明(原文為阿拉伯文,使用者提供英文翻譯);(d) 一個離散社群經營的 NGO 的證詞;(e) 一則簡短備註:「現場的地陪來自 B 區少數族群,在 A 區有親戚」。

**分析:**

1. Step 1:歸類為**人道/衝突相關**(人口流動,不是正在進行的軍事行動)。
2. Step 2:來源鏈稽核:UNHCR 的數字是一手 ✅;路透引用 UNHCR 是二手(透明的話可接受)⚠️;離散社群 NGO 是倡議型來源 ⚠️;政府聲明是一手但經過翻譯 ⚠️。
3. Step 3:敏感度檢查:地陪來自可能站在衝突某一方的少數族群。必須在稿子裡揭露這點(「來自 B 區的聯絡人提供了現場的觀點」),但不能點名地陪。
4. Step 4:翻譯阿拉伯文聲明:「إزاحة」是指「displacement」(流離失所)還是「uprooting」(連根拔起)?查原文;註明阿拉伯文的框架是比較強還是比較弱。
5. Step 5:脈絡對照:「這是該地區 18 個月內第二次大規模流離失所;先前 [日期] 的流離失所有 [數字] 人越界。區域條約 X([年份] 簽署)要求簽署國給予庇護;[該國] 歷來 [接受/拒絕] 這類人流。」

結果:稿子直接引用 UNHCR,透明地標出路透報導這一層,揭露離散社群 NGO 的立場,註明地陪的背景,重新檢查翻譯,並把內容放在區域歷史脈絡裡。讀者可以自己校正這項宣稱的可信度。

### 壞的範例

**情境:** 輸入同上。寫稿的人 (a) 寫「據媒體報導 47,500 人境內流離失所」,沒點名 UNHCR 或路透;(b) 引用政府聲明,沒註明是翻譯過的,也沒查原文的框架;(c) 把離散社群 NGO 的統計當成官方數字放進去;(d) 提到地陪的現場觀點,卻沒揭露地陪來自 B 區少數族群,可能有立場偏見;(e) 沒有把難民流動放進先前的人流或條約義務脈絡裡;(f) 用了「佔領 A 區」的框架,卻沒註明這個用語有爭議。

**哪裡出了問題:**
- (a) 把來源鏈藏起來(「媒體報導」),就看不出這個數字其實是官方的(UNHCR),讀者無法校正。
- (b) 未經查證的翻譯:如果原文在政治上說的是別的意思,讀者不會知道。
- (c) 把 NGO 統計當官方,模糊了倡議與事實的界線。
- (d) 沒揭露地陪的偏見是衝突報導的典型失敗;讀者無法把立場算進去。
- (e) 少了歷史錨點,會讓這次人流看起來前所未見,其實是慣常模式(違反鐵律:距離越遠,查證越關鍵)。
- (f) 用「佔領」卻不註明這個詞有爭議,代表寫稿的人在沒有透明說明的情況下替讀者選了框架。

總結:每個錯誤單獨看,也許都能通過基本的事實查核,但加起來,這篇稿子把讀者推向某一方的框架,卻沒揭露編輯上的選擇。違反鐵律:距離 + 翻譯 + 地陪 + 框架 = 一條權威被灌水的鏈。

---

## 注意事項

- **「據國際媒體報導」是藏匿源流的港口**:"International media reports" 會藏住這到底是路透轉述的官方聲明(一手來源層級),還是一家媒體引用另一家媒體(三手)。要點出來源層級。如果你只有「多家媒體報導這件事」,要標示為共識而非事實,並具體引用其中一家媒體。
- **翻譯不只是換字,也換政治框架**:中文的「政府」vs 英文的 "regime",或阿拉伯文的「إزاحة」(uprooting)vs 英文的 "displacement" 帶著不同政治色彩。翻譯完成後,一律回查原文確認政治詞彙是否升級/降級。無原文則標 `[翻譯來源待確認]`。
- **匿名的線人比名字的線人風險更高**:線人身份保護是對的,但匿名線人的政治立場對編輯台必須透明("一位來自 X 社群的在地接觸人")。如果線人來自衝突某一方,這個背景應該在編輯台記錄,即使不公開。如果線人未充分保護(可被當地反對勢力識別),不應使用其資訊。
- **「據聯合國報告」 ≠ 聯合國官方立場**:UN OCHA 報告是事實回報;UN 大會決議是成員國投票;UN 秘書長聲明是秘書長個人立場。三者混為一談會誤導讀者對聯合國一致性的認知。引述時必須區分。
- **制裁/禁運/資產凍結各有法律意涵**:"sanction" 在不同脈絡意涵不同(美國清單 vs EU 清單 vs UN 清單)。必須標明「根據 X 清單的制裁」。"embargo" 與 "asset freeze" 與 "restricted measure" 各有具體法律定義;翻譯時易模糊。
- **「佔領」vs「爭議領土」vs「控制」的選詞都是框架**:不同國家對同一片領土的稱呼不同。使用 "territory controlled by X" 加歷史脈絡讓讀者自判,不應單邊用 "occupied" 或 "disputed",除非該用語是報導對象的官方立場(若是,則註明來源)。
- **戰爭罪/反人類罪/種族滅絕的使用必須極度謹慎**:這些是羅馬規約定義的法律術語,只有國際法庭判決才能確認。新聞報導應使用「指控」「涉嫌」「據指控」,不可升級為既成事實,除非判決已出。

---

## 參考資料

| 檔案 | 用途 | 何時讀 |
|------|---------|--------------|
| `references/sources_and_beats.md` | 國際消息來源 (UN, WHO, IMF, 各國外交部、駐外使館、新聞通訊社、國際NGO) 、線人安全 | Step 2 來源審查 |
| `references/glossary.md` | 外交與國際關係術語對照與敏感詞彙 (雙邊vs多邊、條約vs協定vs MOU、demarche、外交豁免) | 遇到不熟的術語時 |
| `references/ethics_and_law.md` | 戰地報導安全、衝突方平衡原則、人道主義原則、線人保護、兩岸用語敏感度、戰爭罪/反人類罪用語審慎度 | Step 3 風險檢查 |
| `references/regional_briefings.md` | 台海、印太、歐盟、中東、非洲、拉美各區域的關鍵 stakeholder 與必讀來源 | 區域脈絡定錨 |
| `references/translation_and_attribution.md` | 翻譯陷阱、透過二手媒體 vs 一手接觸、跨時差日期標示、地名/人名標準化 | Step 4-5 來源鏈與翻譯檢查 |

相關 skill:
- `med-news-reporter`:通用新聞工作流程(這個 skill 是它的特化版)
- `med-political`:帶有國際面向的國內政治新聞
- `med-business`:國際財經/市場/投資新聞
- `hum-source-criticism`:更深入的來源審查框架
- `hum-ethics`:針對衝突/人權的道德框架推理

---

## 限制

- **不做即時事實查證**:這個 skill 只會標出需要查證的宣稱,不會存取即時的聯合國資料庫、政府新聞稿,也不會對照目前的新聞檔案。編輯必須自己查證或提供資料。
- **地緣政治脈絡有時效性**:區域結盟、條約義務和制裁名單都會變。發稿前一定要對照最新的一手來源(UN、美國國務院、EU EEAS、外交部)。
- **不會產生原創的現場報導**:如果提供的素材缺少境內來源,這個 skill 會標出缺口,但不會去找地陪或做訪談。
- **譯者偏見**:就算檢查過翻譯層,譯者的用字選擇還是會影響框架。涉及高風險的政治用語時,一定要由母語人士做原文審閱。
- **地陪的安全是判斷題,不是公式**:這個 skill 指引揭露與保護的做法,但不能取代編輯和地陪本人在現場的風險評估。

英文原文

---
name: "med-international"
description: "Use when writing an international news piece — foreign affairs, diplomatic coverage, cross-border conflict, UN/multilateral updates, development news, or geopolitical analysis. Activates international-beat workflow: primary-source verification for distant claims, translation accuracy, conflict-side balance, regional context, source-chain auditing. Triggers on phrases like 'write this UN report', '寫一篇國際新聞', 'international story', 'draft conflict analysis', '整理聯合國決議', 'foreign affairs coverage'. Do NOT use for domestic political stories (use med-political), company press releases (use pr-press-release), or international business news (use med-business)."
metadata:
  category: "WP-50 大眾傳播"
  tags: ["news", "journalism", "international-news", "foreign-affairs", "media-ethics", "conflict-reporting"]
---

# International News Reporting

> **This skill specializes med-news-reporter for the international beat.** Read med-news-reporter first for the general 6-step workflow (type selection, material audit, fact-check, balance, ethics, literacy). This file adds **international-affairs-specific** discipline on top: primary-source verification for distant events, translation accuracy, regional context, and conflict-side audit.

## Overview

Distilled from international journalism curricula at Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism (Global Journalism), Hong Kong Baptist University (MA International Journalism), Reuters Institute, and war-reporting bodies (Dart Center, CPJ, Thomson Foundation). Covers five main international-news sub-types: **breaking international news / diplomatic coverage / conflict reporting / UN/multilateral updates / development/humanitarian news**.

```
IRON LAW: Distance Is Not Authority

Claims about distant places — whether from official sources, international
media, or translated reports — need a transparent source chain tracing back
to a primary source (firsthand observation, official statement, or direct quote).
"According to international media" or "per Reuters reporting" does not qualify
as primary source. A Reuters cite of an unnamed US official is still an unnamed
US official, not Reuters' own reporting. Translated quotes must be re-verified
against the original language for politically loaded terms (regime/government,
occupied/disputed, freedom-fighter/militant). Distance through translation
or intermediary reporting compounds the risk; every link in the chain must
be visible to the reader so they can recalibrate the claim's authority.

Default LLM behavior is to accept a well-sourced second-hand report as if it
were primary source. Override that: when you cannot trace the claim back to
a named primary actor (official, eyewitness, document), flag it as indirect.
```

Why this is non-obvious: international news often arrives through layered translation and relay (foreign correspondent → news wire → local outlet). Each layer can introduce error, lose nuance, or shift framing imperceptibly. The reader cannot see those layers; the writer must expose them. "A UN spokesperson said" is primary; "media reports suggest" is not.

**Rationalization Table — these justifications DO NOT override the Iron Law:**

| Claude might think... | Why it's still a violation |
|---|---|
| "Reuters reported this, so it's well-sourced" | Reuters is trustworthy, but if Reuters is citing an unnamed official, the sourcing ends with Reuters; the reader deserves to know they're reading an unnamed-source claim, not Reuters' own reporting. Layer the attribution. |
| "The translated quote means the same thing, close enough" | Political language trades on tiny word shifts. "Chinese government" vs "Beijing authorities" vs "the regime" signal different framings. Always check the original language for loaded terms, especially in cross-strait, Russia-Ukraine, Israel-Palestine contexts. |
| "I'll say 'various media reports' to show it's a well-known claim" | Vague aggregation ("various reports") hides the actual source tier and lets readers mistake opinion consensus for fact. Name the specific source tier (official statement, news wire, social media) even if you don't name the outlet. |
| "The country is unstable, so on-the-ground reporting is impossible" | This is exactly when you flag the gap. Don't invent a report from X when you only have a relay from Y. Tell readers "could not reach in-country sources, relying on exile/diaspora outlets" — that's honest metadata. |
| "The fixer/local contact says this is what's happening there" | Fixers are essential, but their political position shapes what they show you. If a fixer is from one side of an ethnic/sectarian divide, disclose that upstream of relying on their reporting. Fixer attribution is not transparent sourcing. |
| "International law experts all say this is genocide, so I can use that framing" | Genocide is a legal term (Rome Statute). If no tribunal has ruled, use "accused of genocide" / "claims of genocide" / "experts argue the incidents meet genocide criteria" — do not elevate accusation to judgment. |

---

## When to Use

**Trigger conditions:**
- User supplies international-affairs material — UN press releases, diplomatic statements, foreign-government communiqués, international-correspondent reporting, cross-border event notes, humanitarian organization updates — and asks for a news piece.
- User asks for "international news" / "foreign affairs coverage" / "diplomatic report" / "UN update" / "conflict analysis" / "international briefing" / "國際新聞" / "整理聯合國決議" / "寫一篇國際分析".
- User paraphrases: "寫成國際新聞", "整理雙邊外交談判", "draft a piece on the crisis in X", "幫我做這份國際組織報告的報導", "turn this diplomatic statement into a story".

**Input signals:**
- Named countries, international organizations (UN, WHO, IMF, ICRC), foreign officials, cross-border events.
- Official statements from foreign governments, embassies, international agencies.
- Reporting from foreign correspondents, international news wires (Reuters, AP, AFP, BBC), diaspora/exile media.
- Translated material from non-English primary sources (foreign-language government statements, local media).
- Regional context clues (geopolitical stakes, historical conflict, treaty references, sanction/embargo mentions).

**When NOT to use:**
- Domestic-political story with international angle → primary use `med-political` (e.g., Taiwan election coverage, US Congress vote on foreign aid).
- International business / market / investment news → use `med-business`.
- Press release from a corporation's own voice → use `pr-press-release`.
- Humanitarian/development project coverage focused on implementing organization → use `ops-project-report` or humanitarian-specific skill if available.

---

## Methodology

### Step 0: Defer general workflow to med-news-reporter

Read or have already loaded `med-news-reporter` for: material audit, fact-checking, source-strength tagging, balance principle, media-ethics check, media-literacy self-check. **Do not re-implement those steps here.** This file specializes Steps 1–3 and adds international-specific Steps 4–5 (Source Chain Audit and Regional Context Mapping).

### Step 1: Classify the international-story sub-type

| Sub-type | Signals | Sub-template focus |
|----------|---------|-------------------|
| **Breaking international news** | Event (military action, natural disaster, election), press conference, announcement, 5W1H from official source | Official statement verification; casualty figures sourcing; geographic framing; early-edition caution |
| **Diplomatic coverage** | Bilateral talks, multilateral summit, treaty signing, foreign-visit, diplomatic protest (demarche, formal note) | Diplomatic protocol accuracy; sides' official positions; precondition/outcome separation; "no comment" transparency |
| **Conflict reporting** | Military operations, ceasefire, humanitarian access, refugee movement, civilian impact | Warring-sides balance; casualty verification; fixer/in-country-reporting disclosure; safety of reporting sources |
| **UN / multilateral updates** | UN resolution, agency report (WHO, UNHCR, OCHA), international negotiation outcome | Vote tally / abstention disclosure; resolution text vs. political intent; implementation gap flagging |
| **Development / humanitarian** | Aid response, disaster recovery, refugee camp, sanitation crisis, development project | Implementing vs. donor agency distinction; beneficiary vs. authority voice; supply-chain transparency |

### Step 2: Source vetting & source-chain tagging

Beyond med-news-reporter's source tiering, international reporting adds **chain transparency**:

- **Primary source**: Official statement (government spokesperson, signed treaty, UN vote record), eyewitness, named expert on record.
- **Secondary source**: News-wire reporting (Reuters, AP, AFP, BBC) citing primary or official source in text. If the wire cites "unnamed officials", that tier must be transparent to the reader.
- **Tertiary source**: One outlet reporting another outlet's reporting. Dangerous. Avoid relaying; cite the original.
- **Translation layer**: Quote originally in another language. Must check original for political framing; note translation source.
- **Fixer/local-contact reporting**: Essential for on-the-ground context, but disclose fixer's background / affiliation so reader can calibrate bias.

**Tag each claim in your material audit:**
- ✅ **Direct official**: "The Ukrainian government said…" (traced to official statement, quote, or press release).
- ⚠️ **Translated quote**: "The president said [QUOTE TRANSLATED FROM FRENCH]" — flag for re-verification against French original.
- ⚠️ **Wire reporting a source**: "Reuters reported that unnamed US officials said…" — keep the "unnamed" visible; do not upgrade to fact.
- ❌ **Relay of relay**: "Middle Eastern outlets report that some outlets suggest…" — unacceptable, break the chain and cite original or discard.

### Step 3: Political-sensitivity risk check

Beyond med-news-reporter's ethics, add international heat-map:

1. **Cross-strait language** (台灣/中國 framing):
   - "中國" (PRC only) vs "中華人民共和國" (official) vs "大陸" vs "中共".
   - "台灣" (neutral) vs "中華民國" (political) vs "島嶼" (descriptive).
   - "政府" (neutral) vs "當局" (implies non-legitimacy) vs "政權" (charged).
   - Document which term is used by which source; let reader see the framing choice.

2. **Conflict-terminology red lines**:
   - "Genocide": legal term (Rome Statute). Only use after tribunal judgment or note as "accusation" / "alleged".
   - "War crimes" / "crimes against humanity": similarly, use as accusation not fact unless adjudicated.
   - "Terrorist": designation varies by country (US, EU, UN lists differ). Note whose list, or use "designated terrorist by X" or "militant group".
   - "Regime" vs "government": "regime" carries delegitimacy. Reserve for autocracies, mark editorial choice if used.
   - "Occupation" vs "disputed": both are loaded. Use "territory controlled by X" + history, let reader decide framing.

3. **Diplomatic protocol sensitivity**:
   - "Demarche" (formal protest) vs "informal complaint" — upgrade changes meaning; be precise.
   - "Formal note" (official document) vs "aide-mémoire" (informal record) — different standing.
   - Sanctions tier: "asset freeze" ≠ "embargo" ≠ "restricted-measures regime". Each has legal precision; translate and mark.

4. **Stringer/fixer protection**:
   - Never identify fixer by name if they are in a conflict zone or work for a minority group. Use "local contact" / "research partner" generically.
   - Disclose fixer's background (e.g., "a contact from the X community") so reader understands potential perspective.
   - If fixer is physically at risk, note this and explain why anonymity is essential, but use their information only if corroborated elsewhere.

### Step 4: Source Chain Audit (international-specific)

For **every factual claim about a foreign event**, trace the chain backward:

1. **State the claim**: "20,000 refugees crossed the border."
2. **Trace the source in material**: Where did this number come from in the supplied material?
3. **Name the source tier**: 
   - ✅ Primary: "UNHCR's border statement from [date]" (official, verifiable).
   - ⚠️ Secondary: "Reuters reported UNHCR said…" (still primary claim, but one-step removed).
   - ❌ Tertiary: "Media reports suggest…" or "Regional outlets report…" (unacceptable, cite original).
4. **Check translation**: If originally in another language, verify framing. (E.g., does the French original say "réfugiés" [refugees] or "migrants"? The word choice matters.)
5. **Flag distance chains**: "According to international media, a source in the region said…" = three layers of indirection. Mark it; don't promote it to hard fact.

In the output footer, list any claims ranked ⚠️ or ❌ under "待查證" with their chain length so editor knows what needs verification.

### Step 5: Regional Context Mapping (international addition)

Before output, ensure the piece anchors claims in:

1. **Historical precedent**: "This is the third such event since [year]" — cite the prior two.
2. **Geopolitical actor alignment**: Who benefits from this event? Make it visible why each side is responding as they are.
3. **Treaty/obligation status**: If the claim involves a breach of agreement, name the agreement and the prior compliance record.
4. **Regional parallel**: "Similar to the situation in [neighboring country]" — cite the parallel explicitly so reader sees the comparison is deliberate.

This is not editorializing; it is providing the context that lets readers understand the claim's significance.

---

## Output Format

Use the med-news-reporter base format, with these international additions to the meta footer:

```markdown
[Headline / sub-headline / body paragraphs per med-news-reporter]

---

**稿件類型**: 即時國際新聞 / 外交報導 / 衝突分析 / UN決議整理 / 人道新聞
**字數**: approx. XXX
**消息來源層級**: 一手官方聲明 N / 一手現場 N / 新聞通訊社 N / 二手引述 N / 匿名背景 N
**外交/衝突敏感詞彙檢核**:
- 兩岸用語: ✅ / ⚠️ (列出用語及其來源的定義方式)
- 衝突術語 (戰爭罪/種族滅絕/恐怖分子): ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出升級或降級的用語)
- 佔領 vs 爭議領土: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️
**源流稽核** (Source Chain Audit):
- 距離最遠的宣稱 (farthest claim): [稱述] — 源流: [primary → secondary → ...] — 驗證狀態: [✅一手 / ⚠️二手 / ❌待查]
- 翻譯用語檢驗: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出需原文確認的政治詞彙)
- 記者/線人保護: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出未充分匿名的風險)
**區域脈絡補全**:
- 歷史前例: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️ (列出提及但未標源的歷史平行)
- 地緣政治利益方: ✅ / ⚠️ (列出受事件影響的各方)
- 條約/義務基礎: ✅ / N/A / ⚠️
**待查證事項**: ...
**倫理 / 識讀檢核摘要**: 〔交給 med-news-reporter 的 Step 4-5 footer〕
```

---

## Examples

### Good Example

**Scenario:** User supplies (a) official UN OCHA situation report on cross-border refugee flow from Region A, with date/UNHCR figure of 47,500 internally displaced + 12,000 crossed border; (b) Reuters article citing UNHCR and naming the field coordinator; (c) translated statement from the Region A government (original in Arabic, user provides English translation); (d) testimony from a diaspora-run NGO; (e) brief note: "fixer on the ground is from the Region B minority, has relatives in Region A".

**Analysis:**

1. Step 1: classified as **humanitarian/conflict-adjacent** (population movement, not active military ops).
2. Step 2: source chain audit — UNHCR figure is primary ✅, Reuters cite of UNHCR is secondary (acceptable if transparent) ⚠️, diaspora NGO is advocacy source ⚠️, government statement is primary but translated ⚠️.
3. Step 3: sensitivity check — the fixer is from a minority that may be on one side of the conflict. Must disclose this in the piece ("contacts from Region B provided on-the-ground perspective") without naming the fixer.
4. Step 4: translate the Arabic statement — does "إزاحة" mean "displacement" or "uprooting"? Check original; note if the Arabic framing is stronger/weaker.
5. Step 5: context mapping — "This is the second major displacement in the region in 18 months; prior displacement in [date] crossed [number]. Regional treaty X (signed [year]) requires signatory nations to grant asylum; [Country] has historically [accepted/rejected] such flows."

Result: piece cites UNHCR directly, transparently layers Reuters reporting, discloses diaspora-NGO perspective, notes fixer background, re-checks translation, anchors in regional history. Reader can recalibrate claim credibility.

### Bad Example

**Scenario:** Same input. Writer (a) cites "47,500 internally displaced per media reports" without naming UNHCR or Reuters, (b) quotes government statement without noting it was translated or checking original framing, (c) includes diaspora-NGO statistics as if they were official, (d) mentions fixer's on-the-ground perspective without disclosing fixer is from Region B minority and thus may have perspective bias, (e) does not anchor refugee flow in prior flows or treaty obligations, (f) uses "occupation of Region A" framing without noting this is contested terminology.

**What went wrong:**
- (a) Obscuring source chain ("media reports") hides that the figure is official (UNHCR), reader cannot recalibrate.
- (b) Unverified translation: if the original said something politically different, reader won't know.
- (c) Treating NGO statistics as official blurs advocacy and fact.
- (d) Undisclosed fixer bias is a classic conflict-reporting failure; reader cannot account for perspective.
- (e) Missing historical anchor makes the flow seem unprecedented when it is pattern (Iron Law violation: distance makes verification even more critical).
- (f) Using "occupation" without noting this is contested means the writer chose a frame for the reader without transparency.

Net: each error individually might pass a basic fact-check, but cumulatively the piece pushes the reader toward one side's framing without revealing the editorial choices. Iron Law violation: distance + translation + fixer + framing = chain where authority is inflated.

---

## Gotchas

- **"據國際媒體報導" 是藏匿源流的港口**: "International media reports" obscures whether it's an official statement relayed by Reuters (primary-source-tier), or one outlet citing another outlet (tertiary). Name the source tier. If you only have "multiple outlets reported this", flag it as consensus-not-fact and cite one outlet specifically.
- **翻譯不只是換字,也換政治框架**: 中文的「政府」vs 英文的 "regime", 或阿拉伯文的「إزاحة」(uprooting) vs 英文的 "displacement" 帶著不同政治色彩。翻譯完成後,一律回查原文確認政治詞彙是否升級/降級。無原文則標 `[翻譯來源待確認]`。
- **匿名的線人比名字的線人風險更高**: 線人身份保護是對的,但匿名線人的政治立場對編輯台必須透明("一位來自 X 社群的在地接觸人")。如果線人來自衝突某一方,這個背景應該在編輯台記錄,即使不公開。如果線人未充分保護(可被當地反對勢力識別),不應使用其信息。
- **「據聯合國報告」 ≠ 聯合國官方立場**: UN OCHA 報告是事實回報;UN 大會決議是成員國投票;UN 秘書長聲明是秘書長個人立場。三者混為一談會誤導讀者對聯合國一致性的認知。引述時必須區分。
- **制裁/禁運 / 資產凍結各有法律意涵**: "sanction" 在不同脈絡意涵不同(美國清單 vs EU 清單 vs UN 清單)。必須標明「根據 X 清單的制裁」。"embargo" 與 "asset freeze" 與 "restricted measure" 各有具體法律定義;翻譯時易模糊。
- **「佔領」vs 「爭議領土」vs 「控制」的選詞都是框架**: 不同國家對同一片領土的稱呼不同。使用 "territory controlled by X" 加歷史脈絡讓讀者自判,不應單邊用 "occupied" 或 "disputed" 除非該用語是報導對象的官方立場(若是,則註明來源)。
- **戰爭罪 / 反人類罪 / 種族滅絕的使用必須極度謹慎**: 這些是羅馬規約定義的法律術語,只有國際法庭判決才能確認。新聞報導應使用「指控」「涉嫌」「據指控」,不可升級為既成事實除非判決已出。

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## References

| File | Purpose | When to read |
|------|---------|--------------|
| `references/sources_and_beats.md` | 國際消息來源 (UN, WHO, IMF, 各國外交部、駐外使館、新聞通訊社、國際NGO) 、線人安全 | Step 2 source vetting |
| `references/glossary.md` | 外交與國際關係術語對照與敏感詞彙 (雙邊vs多邊、條約vs協定vs MOU、demarche、外交豁免) | When unfamiliar terminology appears |
| `references/ethics_and_law.md` | 戰地報導安全、衝突方平衡原則、人道主義原則、線人保護、兩岸用語敏感度、戰爭罪/反人類罪用語審慎度 | Step 3 risk check |
| `references/regional_briefings.md` | 台海、印太、歐盟、中東、非洲、拉美各區域的關鍵 stakeholder 與必讀來源 | Regional context anchoring |
| `references/translation_and_attribution.md` | 翻譯陷阱、透過二手媒體 vs 一手接觸、跨時差日期標示、地名/人名標準化 | Step 4-5 source chain & translation checks |

Related skills:
- `med-news-reporter` — general news workflow (this skill specializes it)
- `med-political` — for domestic political stories with international dimension
- `med-business` — for international business/market/investment news
- `hum-source-criticism` — deeper source-vetting frameworks
- `hum-ethics` — moral-framework reasoning on conflicts / human rights

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## Limitations

- **Does not perform live fact verification**: this skill flags claims that need verification; it does not access live UN databases, government press releases, or cross-reference against current news archives. Editor must verify or supply.
- **Geopolitical context is time-sensitive**: regional alignments, treaty obligations, and sanction lists change. Always verify against current primary sources (UN, State Dept, EU EEAS, MOFA) before publishing.
- **Does not generate original on-the-ground reporting**: if the supplied material lacks in-country sources, this skill flags the gap — it will not find fixers or conduct interviews.
- **Translator bias**: even with translation-layer checking, a translator's choice of words influences framing. When high-stakes political language is involved, original-language review by a native speaker is mandatory.
- **Fixer safety is a judgment call, not a formula**: this skill guides disclosure and protection; it does not replace on-the-ground risk assessment by editors and fixers themselves.